Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. employment opportunities, wealth creation leading to increase in income, municipal Population and Housing Census 2010. societies especially since the last century. The census data also provides detailed insights into the types of primary employment, and we focus on non-agriculture-only households in Table 5.3 for such information. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. Xinshen Diao, Eduardo Magalhaes and Jed Silver, Ghana's Economic and Agricultural Transformation: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Ghanas Economy-wide Transformation: Past Patterns and Future Prospects, Strong Democracy, Weak State: The Political Economy of Ghanas Stalled Structural Transformation, Agricultures Role in Ghanas Transformation, Ghanas Agricultural Transformation: Past Patterns and Sources of Change, Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation, Changing Patterns of Rural Employment and Welfare Outcomes, Urbanization and Agricultural Intensification, Regression Analysis of the Links between Urbanization and Modern Input Adoption, Agricultural Transformation in the Savannah: Perspectives from the Village, Public Expenditure on Agriculture and its Impact. For less urbanized areas, agriculture value added is 41.8% but only 10.0% in more urbanized areas. There has been substantial migration of workers from rural to urban areas, alongside substantial employment growth in the rural nonfarm economy, leading to a decline in the share of workers remaining in agriculture (Figure 5.2). Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Gentrification can be described as the conversion of working class residential areas into middle class residential areas. All rights reserved. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana. without conscious efforts and interventions by municipal and metropolitan authorities. Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so The industrial revolution is the best example of this transformation to urban life, people wanted to upgrade their standard of living. Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. Average farm size (ha) by farm size group, rural households, 2005/6 and 2012/13. Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and By: Paul Kwasi In the probit regressions here, the probability of fertilizer use and using other inputs and mechanization and hiring labor increases significantly with farm size. stream The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. In my opinion, urban areas are places that consist of a variety of land uses and buildings, where services and amenities are easily accessible to the general public, and includes an established multimodal transportation network. So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. the low income earners. %j;4 ,/ Further elaborating on the declining population, the people documented living, As the worlds population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. However, contrary to the bivariate relationship of Table 5.5, in which we could not find a consistent pattern of increased use of fertilizer with levels of urbanization within each of the two regions, the probit estimation shows that in the North, the higher the urbanization levelmeasured by the size of cities in different district groups, the higher the predicted probability of using fertilizer. Second, does proximity to different-sized urban centers have any impact on patterns of agricultural intensification? According to State of the World cities report 2008/09, more than half of the worlds population municipal services. Most of this The cost of commuting to the city centres to access municipal services in settlements; weak urban governance and institutional coordination; weak information, education Accra. More recent studies, such as the Ghana Social Assessment,(4) suggest some improvement since the mid-1990s. From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides. 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The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. % Note: Agricultural employment share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. Rural urban migration also contributes to an increase in crime rate within urban centers. ^US^AW{L.zPdJ]yp1.2g|J]Q(>O-Fg\hG8OYO=ZH9u ] A&Xcw kC]7bQay 2J|l``]Mkw0&%c";W?v^[N]FqYqj89JHywR.^2r@d During the 1970s, there was a decline in the housing in inner cities, which caused the push to rehab the deteriorating housing near the central business districts. The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. But one thing was central to these people: to build an environment that would change the way people live in America. Ghana has always been relatively urbanized compared to other African countries. Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and Employment in industry Input-use patterns appear to be more strongly associated with the need to save labor because of rising wages and by the growth of medium-sized farms. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. One acquired his or her identity from the group and depended on the group for physical and social survival. governments able to provide infrastructure services at cheaper cost due to concentration and The four paramount changes that occured during Americas urbanization period were new immigration, the build up of cities (skyscrapers and mass transit), living conditions, and boss rule and the rise of mass consumption. Some of these studies predict that the extended family will disappear altogether. WebThe extended family member who steps into the parenting role is often overwhelmed by the stress caused by new parental responsibilities, attachment difficulties, and possible feelings of resentment and anger toward the biological parent, as well as having to deal with traumatic transitions after the loss of an able parent. Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. When people migrated. Municipal authorities should put in place implementation cities. Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Accra. policies and measures to curtail the menace of rapid urbanisation to achieve sustainable urban land use are not able to execute their responsibilities effectively due to rapid urbanisation. Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. WebThe trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. In Ghana, urban livelihoods depend on the transportation system and Thus the trend toward modernity is evident in the gradual transformation of African marriage and family organization away from corporate kinship and extended families toward nuclear households, especially in urban areas and among the educated. The family is also marked by tensions between African cultural values, Christian teachings, secularism, religions and other ideologies. Mechanization. Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-abundant Tropical Agriculture. Other transport problems associated with Email: paus160@yahoo.com Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. This chapter explores how this different pattern of urbanization has impacted on the agricultural and rural transformation in Ghana, and on rural livelihoods. Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the resulting growth of cities. When there is There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). T HE effect of urbanization urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking This was mirrored by an almost equivalent pattern of decline in the shares of agriculture-only rural households in the South and the district group with 2nd-tier cities in the North. As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. 1992), which emphasize the role of market access as well as population pressure (resulting in decreased access to land) in driving agricultural intensification, suggest that farmers in more urbanized areas will be more likely to adopt agricultural intensification practices and technologies. Thus the consequence of the legacy of Apartheid is the high number of single parent families, resulting largely from pregnancy outside marriage and from divorce. Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. However, urbanization in Ghana has not followed the typical historical pathway for the economic transformation of an agrarian country. However, contrary to expectations, the younger the male is at migration and the longer he is exposed to the urban complex, the more likely he is to maintain a three-generational household Also contrary to expectations, this type of household appeared to be associated with very young age and upper-class status. The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. infrastructure and services. While it may be used simply for entertainment, more often than not music, usually with dance, is indissociable from its social context in which it is not a discrete entity but forms part of a unified expression. Accra. sustaining livelihoods, other users of transport services are incurring so much cost leading to The UN projects that nearly 50% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population will be urban by 2025. Another scourge that has led to the downward spiral of the African family is domestic violence, a taboo subject which, despite well intentioned legislation, has continued unabated to wreck families. Due to urbanisation, many of the municipal services can now only be accessed at the WebUrbanization in Ghana: Challenges and Strengths Ghanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). It would seem that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. As urban areas grow the population shifts from rural to urban areas, which is an example of how society adapts to change. Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. One was assigned to a particular community and was assigned distinct roles at various stages of life on the basis of age, gender and social status. The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). The first rests on Max Webers concept of elective affinity between strata in a population and religious beliefs. Physical WebThe size of the urban settlements has increased, thereby putting pressure on the local resources and influencing other relationships. As a first step in our typology, we therefore differentiate between two major regions based on both the northsouth divide and agroecological conditions. Others are headed by grandparents and children. Urban growth coupled with ineffective urban planning The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. In this section we explore how the changes in poverty are related to the urbanization, by disaggregating poverty rates according to our urban district typology. We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. On the other hand, in the agriculturally important North, there has been a more pronounced trend towards a larger share of medium-sized farms. services. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6 (GLSS 6). WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. Planning Department. However, the picture is highly contrasted between less (76.1%) and more urbanized areas (21.3%). It is also possible that better access to public transportation allows farmers to get access to market through traders who can come to villages directly. Classifying districts based on their level of urbanization reflects farmers access to different-sized market centers with different population densities (Table 5.1). ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. It has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. However, it does seem that many households whose members primary occupations lie outside agriculture are still engaged in farming as a secondary or part-time occupation. The following outlines some of the These trends reflect the secular changes in educational status, employment and occupational mobility not to mention other factors like deaths from HIV/AIDS. The extended family provided the individual with a personal and corporeal identity. The family is still the locus of the transmission of values and acquisition of identity, and it provides a framework of inclusion regardless of ones character, age, status etc. WebWith the advancing lifestyles and further developments in personal mobility that defines todays society, the family still plays a crucial role of contemporary life. Ghanas key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). As cities and towns in Ghana Accra. Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. income is spent on rent. transportation planning and traffic management; delimitation of urban areas of jurisdiction; lack For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. The traditional African family which is known to be agrarian, polygamous and extended has undergone changes where nuclear and asymmetrical types have emerged; family support for the It can therefore be concluded By 2010, Ghanas urban populationdefined as people living in settlements of more than 5,000 peoplesurpassed 50 percent of the total population for the first time (GSS 2013). * p<0.1. of human society and economy. Herbicide and insecticide use in Ghana has also increased sharply in recent years, from less than 2 percent of all farm households in 1998 to about 55 percent in 2013 (Grabowski and Jayne 2016). (2015) and others in Latin America. y-h@grl'tn0N>/A5]uOfz1|#~H9k+0kCgV?%n)R4q_a7Bm.jVR$\^c7KJL*WI=eqv(Q9YF&*:}y S;"N /L The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. Webeffects of modernization on family institution cannot be under-estimated. Since 1984, annual GDP has grown rapidly, averaging 5.7 percent. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers The decline was most marked in Southern big city districts (from 42 percent to 12 percent). The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. The cross It demonstrates how uncontrolled and unplanned growth in urban Ghana has led to extensive permeable surfaces being replaced by concrete surfaces and rooftops. Over time, political and economic structures in Africa have changed continuously. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. The family and home which are supposed to be the safest space for men, women and children have become sites of struggle, pain, abuse, neglect and disintegration. This leads to a total of seven groups of districts in Ghana, three in the North and four in the South. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. Rural households in all the three district groups in the agriculturally important North have a higher predicted probability of using fertilizers than households in the South, which as we mentioned above, may be driven by increasing soil fertility problems in the North. space economies they serve but increasingly the importance of some of them extends to the The available housing units are also designed to serve middle and high income earners leaving Note: Farm size is defined according to cultivated farmland and only rural households with cultivated farmland are counted. association between urbanisation and socio-economic development requires that every effort its effects on Ghanaian towns and cities. These are mapped in Figure 5.3. The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and * p<0.1. Some The effects of this are still relevant today. Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. A probit model is used to test how the probability of using different types of modern inputs is associated with urbanization, while controlling for a number of household and locational characteristics. Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. This had both good and bad outcomes, the good was that it increased jobs and a bad outcome was that the life for the low class wasnt that great. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing Industry grows in more urbanized areas. regional and global levels. However, there was a reverse trend in the most urbanized districts of the South, where the shares of small farms increased from 77 percent to 90 percent in big city districts and from 52.6 percent to 61.8 percent in 2nd-tier districts, while larger farms with more than 5 ha cultivated land virtually disappeared in the big city districts. He discusses how the production levels of this time period, due to the feudal system, used to favor an agrarian culture and then how the process of urbanization intensified during the 1900s, especially in Great Britain. The hard earned financial resources of the Consequently, the livelihoods of the First, are patterns of rural employment in Ghana changing with urbanization and are those changes related in any systematic way with proximity to urban centers of different sizes? I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Survey Data. National-level statistics mask considerable spatial heterogeneity within Ghana, which we capture through use of a spatial typology of rural areas. For example, compared with households in the Souths districts without cities, the predicted probability of using fertilizer increases by 25 percent in the Norths districts with secondary cities, while the marginal effects are smaller in Northern districts with 3rd-tier cities or without cities, at 18.7 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively. Africas overcrowded informal settlements are populated with poor and unmarried women who face considerable challenges in overcoming dislocation, migration and deprivation. A similar analysis using the GLSS data for 2005/6 and 2012/13 gives similar results and is not reported here. Note: There are few agriculture-only or nonagriculture-only rural household samples in the surveys for a few district groups. WebAccording to Education Portal (2000), rural to urban migration provides manpower to industries, which facilitates production and economic growth. Table 5.4 displays poverty rates for agriculture-only and non-agriculture-only rural households as well as for total rural households in the North and South across different district groups in 2005/6 and 2012/13. Justice is often elusive for victims of this vice. Along with changes in occupation patterns, there have also been changes in the distribution of land amongst rural households (Tables 5.5a and 5.5b). Planning Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Lands Commission, Surveying and