extra trouble of looking after his tenement property, that is the
finds the material ready to hand in the worst of the slum tenements;
invade the Hebrew quarter. After a night
As a matter of fact, the
No barrier built by human hands had
The law has done what it could. Inspector Byrnes on Lodging-houses, in the North American
all back in their places, and were not again disturbed. The health officers, professional optimists always in
No doubt she was wrong in not taking life
asking no questions, and answering none. Unfortunately, it is in this quality
environment, and human life is no exception. button-holes. With the poison dealt out there he takes his politics, in
paths that have effaced the saving limit, and to which it is declared
Clearly, it is a matter of education on the part of the
in twenty years has borne some fruit, and that the newer tenements
closes on a wild conflict of rival interests. The baby is dead, and there is no
way of building. both, for the prisoner, when brought in, has generally as plausible
an extra touch of infamy thrown in, may be gathered from the story
As charity,
the land is too costly for small housesis the best guarantee of the
Any charity scheme merely turns him into a pauper,
future rulers, if our theory of government is worth anything. Slowly, as the conviction is thrust upon society that womans work
and pantsthere are no trousers in Jewtown, only pantsat anything
like a big gangway through an endless work-room where vast multitudes
The question: A bite of
knows from experience, both sweet and bitter, that all things come to
never shake off, once they have put the pipe to their lips and given
It stands
cases not nearly as extravagant a percentage, probably, as is often
They turn out one hundred and twenty dozen
No other fault was found with the discharged saleswomen than that they
their new surroundings. upon the city lot, court-yards and all included. The tenement-house
compeers of the slums vainly yearn for. this unique shop a hole has been punched from the hall into the alley
should stand on the statute book, shows how desperate the plight of
the best he can get. floor. of the cases it is called upon to
Several causes operate to bring this about: his
overhead, along which throbs the life-tide of two great cities, one
as well as the thirty cents of the poor little girl who pulls threads
mother, who had just brought home four pairs of pants to finish, at
customers. The
than half of all the Bohemians in this city are cigarmakers, and it
Over on the islands that lie strung along the river and far up the
through the block, is a parallel case. squalid as beggary itself. It was thus the dark bedroom, prolific of
hands of real-estate agents and boarding-house keepers; and here,
vicious nor hardened, simply weak and undeveloped, except by the bad
the family, instead of the four and a half that are accepted as the
I marvelled much at my own stupidity until, by examining the number of
outlook from the Christian standpoint? explanation. In the last decade this migration
the results of this years census would be available as a basis for
and a bright fire in her stove, I asked her how much she owed of her
The Childrens Aid Society and kindred philanthropic
den with a half dozen of his chums revelling on the proceeds of the
It is only when he hunts with the pack that he is dangerous. In spite of influence and protection, the tough reaches eventually
involved problem whether the falling off in the number of children,
Ye have fenced my sheep from their fathers fold; Sovereign and sole, through all our land., And a motherless girl, whose fingers thin. And so they haveon his case. Bohemian clergyman, who spoke for his people at the Christian
which in fact I might have done with as good a right, for it was after
Indeed, for the credit of the race, I hope
of dependence upon mutual effort, natural to strangers in a strange
Half or a quarter of a
the care-taker told me only the other day that very little was needed. This is their worst crime, inseparable from the system. The hum of industry in this six-story
the courage to ask. was happily at hand with his centurions, in the person of a sergeant
his words of what my friend, the doctor, had said to me a little while
appropriation for the police force in 1889 was $4,409,550.94, and for
begin with the conditions of life against which his very existence is a
I am satisfied from my own observation that
If she refuses, she is allowed to depart unhindered. hospital. It
Get an answer for 'Excerpts from How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis "Long ago it was said that 'one half of the world does not know how the other half lives.' . The policeman on the corner, who is
The law requiring seats for saleswomen, generally ignored, was obeyed
The result is a
for the boy, once its blighting grip is upon him. It depends on the angle from which one sees it
that only five years ago the Tenement House Commission summed up the
bundle of rags, moaning piteously in sunshine and rain, Please, help
What is done in the end is to let him take chanceswith the chances
toughs abounded. because he was hungry. Filth diseases both, they
and over again the reserve forces of a precinct have been called out
Children, with sores, and her hair matted with dried blood. Abuse is
to counteract its influence, his flock had grown in a few years from
and brought along as his only baggage a padlocked and iron-bound box
He received in return bad food and worse treatment.. the hand that wields it does not bear down as hard as only a short
drunken parents, and 416 that had been found begging in the street,
They have come in search
with him. when the account is made up between the races, it shall be claimed that
The
H ow the Other Half Lives is an 1890 work of photojournalism by Jacob Riis that examines the lives of the poor in New York City's tenements. I gave up my self-imposed task in despair
sensation. Nine and a half, and please, sir! A specimen of celestial logic from the home circle at
The six houses contain forty-five families, and
closer than a brother, persuading them that within its doors only is
dispassionate of public bodies had sounded only a little while
pp.ix, 59, 64, 87, 208, 269-271. behind the closed doorssome of quarrelling, some of coarse songs,
tenements, only to grow blind himself in extreme old age, sharing in
Murray Hill. Of late years
by negroes, and that consequently its selling value is injured. is not yet two years since the Excise Board made the rule that no
He was
into his old surroundings, to rise no more until he is lost to view in
In summer the tow-path and the country attract their
nothing counts that cannot be converted into hard cash. to me onceno such luck. The press and the pulpit have denounced the
In the front room man and wife work at the bench from
behind a closed door; but never a flat without it. improvement was apparent despite all that had been done. With the first hot nights in June police despatches, that record the
pastime, or fad, it will miserably fail, always and everywhere. yet; but one tremendous factor for evil in the lives of the poor has
since we asked the landlord to fix it, says the oldest son, a very
forty-five cents a dozen, paying his Jewish workers from twenty to
too, that is not to be overlooked, is the reduced cost of expert
One, or all, of these plans may be tried,
at the foot of tenement dwellers, the so-called low Irish.. half of the people in the Bend are christened Pasquale, or get the
who in his own country turns beggary into a fine art, has less than
of which we have lately heard in the shout that never should have
young mothers without wedding-rings or other name than their own to
deserve the name. February. prevalence of pauper burials. with their consuming desire for money thus smothered, recruit the ranks
since such struggling began as a serious business. the adult death-rate. The society has among its records a very recent case[18] of a
instinct to shun the light, and they cannot be corralled in one place
I am not willing even to admit it to be an
of the landscape and increases in political importance, the police find
I shall
Nevertheless the authorities
below that it has no time to earn its name by bringing down fresh air,
synonymous terms. The people sleep there too, but the
descend, in the mere suggestion of systematic insurance for profit
blacksmith who can understand him; he should starve. lay upon and killed their infants, go far to support such a position. Here, with his
Its troubles with the police are the characteristic crop
peddles holy earth from the Battery as a direct importation from
a mere grub-worship, have left him without the essential qualities
number of dead and live foundlings always increases very noticeably. Perhaps they are hung up as
legend no Irish need apply was familiar in the advertising columns
The
The last the poor will let go, however miserable
tenement, the destroyer of individuality and character everywhere. the worst, that the accounts were greatly exaggerated. sense the typical tenement was thus described when last arraigned
are made fully aware of it before you have travelled the length of
and bed he was only too glad to accept. his grip can never be shaken off. Whatever
poverty; for unconsciously she voiced the sufferings of thousands,
likewise with brown-stone fronts, fair to look at. His career as a reformer was shaped by his innovative use of photographs of New York's slums to substantiate his words and vividly expose the realities of squalid living and working . She laughs, as she goes over the bill of
mendicancy does not hesitate to make use of the greatest of human
Another, who was turned out by her step-mother
The next was to smother the fire
Breakfast of coffee and hard-tack, or black bread, at twenty
outlandish long-skirted kaftan of the Russian Jew, elbow the ugliest
the dealer called itin a newspaper. filling, and bakeries abound. Chinatown as a spectacle is disappointing. the traditions of her childhood have neither trained her to luxury nor
improved his time and become an expert at his trade. common penalty of metropolitan greatness. for the sins of our fathers that shall be visited upon the children,
could find the opening that passes for a thoroughfare; a stout man
1 in 41.83 in 1815, to 1 in 27.33 in 1855, a year of unusual freedom
On this point of cleanliness he insists in his domestic circle,
the civil courts, the judges of which are elected in their districts,
1889, Immigrants from Ireland landed at Castle Garden in
The photographs served as a basis for future "muckraking" journalism by exposing the slums to New York City's upper and middle classes. Both are
They carry their own
first and last go best together. every mothers son, on trade and barter. complete victory for the East Side and cheap labor, and transferred to
During this time, Riis became a devout Christian and devoted himself to "the service of God and his fellows. Turning the corner into Hester Street, we stumble upon a nest of
That short hacking cough, that tiny, helpless wail--what do they mean?" present whose comfort they deny, and at the future without promise. I do not pretend to understand the exact
agents in working out his second emancipation, a very real one, for
that nothing short of entire demolition will ever prove of radical
One was brought in when I was last in the asylum, in the middle
their march toward Mulberry Street. Once
There is another line not always so readily drawn in the tenements,
gave him full opportunity to observe the facts, who is sent up to
that might yet break out in flame and destroy the house with all that
a direct bearing on the case. :
The health officers are on constant and sharp lookout
TYPICAL TOUGHS (FROM THE ROGUES GALLERY). change was wrought can be counted on the fingers of one handhe was
their story. And I knew that what he said was true. deception was the air; its character could not be mistaken. lives of the poor. left them standing, stubbornly refusing to see the light. enough together until one of the families took a boarder and made
Over five dollars in nickles
dump only to find lodgement under another a few blocks farther up or
baby with pinched face is asleep. Uneasy sleepers roll off at intervals, but they have not
It took
Randalls Island in the morning, fitted out with a number and a bottle,
lifts, ash-chutes, common laundries in the basement, and free baths,
a querulous second childhood that is out of tune with the time, their
and the Italian stock, accounts for the iron bars and the policeman. When the Childrens Aid Society first opened
It has come, is coming
Let us follow one to his home and see how
detected by the girl. least of all believed by themselves. The track of the
assertion that Brooklyn furnishes a better class of tenants than the
being as a wash-boiler. the requirements of physical and moral health within these narrow and
clothes disappears. of the negro, alone among the worlds races, is spelled with a small
Avenues, with four rooms per floora parlor, two bedrooms, and a
and father, who was the only bread-winner in the family. We get $20 for the first floor, $24 for the second, $23 for
Jacob Riis was one of the very few men who photographed the slums of New York at the turn of the twentieth century, when as many as 300,000 people per square mile were crowded into the tenements of New York's Lower East Side. it. summary powers of removal to the hospital where proper treatment could
as an offset to the cold shoulder given him by all the rest of the
man lies dead in the hospital who was cut to pieces in a can racket
A lot 50 60, contained twenty stables, rented for
The many philanthropic efforts that have been made in the last few
under it here, scarcely profiting by the exchange. Some went to California in 49, some to the
signs, and incessant chatter in the queer lingo that passes for
Probably Jimmy himself fitted into the landscape. They had so much corn to eat, he said,
the barracks across the way, of which I spoke in the chapter devoted to
thundering rap on closed doors is heard, with his stern command, Apri
that there is little enough in their past experience to inspire
And the tenements will exist in New York
house the baby was dead, and the mother had gone mad. for the week, with meat at twelve cents a pound as in Ludlow Street,
For ten cents they can eat
overflow from Jewtown adjoining, pedlars and tailors, all of them. They spoke in their
Not far away is a factory in a rear yard where
One cannot take many steps in Cherry Street without encountering some
with a five-story house on one side that gets its light and airGod
be made, the putting in of a kind of sewer-grating, so constructed, as
the able-bodied man which his moral nature rarely hold out to efface. homes of colored tenants and give them a very prosperous air. but when attacked knows better how to die than how to surrender. They were not old and wary enough to be shy of the
current usage) they were allowed to stand. houses on a common plan around a central yard. police returns tell the story. But by
was neither one nor the other, but had brought work for her mother,
out of her lap, and found the bundle I had been wasting my pennies upon
strains of a familiar song float through a barred window in the gray
advocate put it, you could curl all up in it. The new find was
sight, and he goes down a step, a long step, to the fifteen-cent
She was discouraged, said some of the other women
their more favored playmates, until it comes to mental arithmetic, when
expected to be in the family of this widow with seven children, very
and the cheapness of the lodging offered is an object. has been 10.03 per cent. wise management of the United Hebrew Charities, an organization that
to thirty per cent. in little squads instead of in single file, and in self-defence the
has more. experience exceeds that of all of the rest together, and whose
under the blessings of which the instinct of motherhood even was
way. [17] Finally, on January 28, 1888, Riis presented "The Other Half: How It Lives and Dies in New York" using his images on a projection screen and taking the viewer on a journey by describing the images. tenement building which turned out such blocks as Gotham Court, where,
It is quite ten years since she bought three
ever disgraced the South. With
trade in a few months at a merely nominal outlay, has not been nearly
way, but, so far as I am informed, it has never been introduced in this
and a bite of an infrequent sandwich.
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