At a later date, more multimedia such as film, audio recordings, photographs will be added to the collection. It isn't easy viewing. [46], The French prosecutor, Franois de Menthon, had just overseen trials of the leaders of Vichy France;[37] he resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by Auguste Champetier de Ribes. [50][51] Because the Soviet Union expected a show trial, its appointees were familiar with this form. [116] In contrast to the other prosecution teams, the French prosecution emphasized how Nazi ideology and pan-Germanism had led to the Nazis' crimes, and delved into the Sonderweg theory of Germany's development in the nineteenth century. And he's been nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize. [86] Overall, the prosecution called 37 witnesses compared to the defense's 83, not including 19 defendants who testified on their own behalf. Fact-checked by: Myth Detector. Benjamin Ferencz: Well, this is typical operation. [6][7] Trainin's ideas were reprinted in the West and widely adopted. [33], The negotiators decided that the tribunal's permanent seat would be in Berlin, while the trial would be held at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg. The SA, the Reich Cabinet, and the General Staff and High Command were not ruled to be criminal organizations. Only one piece of film is known to exist of the Einsatzgruppen at work. I'm sitting here listening to you. Innocent lamb. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany waged war across Europe, invading Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Low Countries, France, Denmark, Norway, Yugoslavia, Greece, and the Soviet Union, among others. He became the first in his family to go to college, then got a scholarship to Harvard Law School. [106][107] The Americans summoned Einsatzgruppen commander Otto Ohlendorf, who testified about the murder of 80,000 people by those under his command, and SS general Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, who admitted that German anti-partisan warfare was little more than a cover for the mass murder of Jews. 5. [115], From 17 January to 7 February 1946, France presented its charges and supporting evidence. For the subsequent trials held by the United States, see, "International Military Tribunal" redirects here. [88], The charter allowed the admissibility of any evidence deemed to have probative value, including depositions. On Thursday, Florida Gov. [44] As the numerically strongest delegation, it would take on the bulk of the prosecutorial effort. [95] None of the defendants tried to assert that the Nazis' crimes had not occurred; instead, they attempted to divert blame from their own actions. [104] On 29 November, the prosecution was unprepared to continue presenting on the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and instead screened Nazi Concentration and Prison Camps. Dr. Reiner Fuellmich, alongside thousands of . [141] The defendants tried to blame their crimes on Hitler, who was mentioned 1,200 times during the trialmore than the top five defendants combined. [8][9] On November 1, 1943, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and the United States issued the Moscow Declaration to "give full warning" to the Nazi leadership of the Allies' intent to "pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earthin order that justice may be done". Our aim is to create a resource that enables users to draw on that experience and knowledge in ways that can assist governments, institutions and experts in improving how we achieve accountability for mass atrocity crimes, said Cohen. At the time, Ferencz just had the documents, and he started adding up the numbers. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a show trial (the Soviet Union) to summary executions (the United Kingdom). You know? [153] Midway through the trial, Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech denouncing the Soviet threat delighted the defense. Lesley Stahl: He's a savage when he does the murder though. I was 27 years old. Lesley Stahl: Going on right this minute in Sudan. [186] These trials were held under Law No. [228][24] The charge of crimes against humanity, the charge of conspiracy, and imposing criminal penalties on individuals for breaches of international law were also novel but attracted little criticism. [27] Especially the United States wanted to avoid countenancing any rule that would give an international court jurisdiction over a government's treatment of its own citizens. [10][11], Of all the Allies, the Soviet Union lobbied most intensely for trying the defeated German leaders for aggression in addition to war crimes. Although controversial at the time for their use of ex post facto law, the trials' innovation of holding individuals responsible for violations of international law established international criminal law. Published Jul 14, 2021. The Nuremberg trials after World War II were historic -- the first international war crimes tribunals ever held. The recordings, many of them in German without translation, offer an insight into the mood, mindset and history of people like Frank and Streicher, who spoke at length about his personal history growing up in a small village in Bavaria as the youngest of nine children. On 17 September, the various delegations met to discuss the indictment. In 1946, verdicts were handed down in the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial. Lesley Stahl: And you had his name down on a piece of. So he finished at Harvard then enlisted as a private in the Army. Your legs won't reach the pedals." 2021/07/09 | Georgia. To receive Stanford news daily,
Posted Wed 11 Aug 2021 at 8:00pm Wednesday 11 Aug 2021 at 8:00pm Wed 11 Aug 2021 at 8:00pm. But during his first semester, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and he, like many classmates, raced to enlist. And the stories he heard in those camps. People receiving the COVID-19 vaccines at this point are not taking part in a medical experiment, because the vaccines already have gone through clinical trials and have received emergency . He was proud of that. [235] In the 1990s, a revival of international criminal law included the establishment of ad hoc international criminal tribunals for Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR), which were widely seen as part of the legacy of the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials. And you know what keeps me going? The Nuremberg trials were a series of indictments and criminal procedures against Nazi war criminals that were held from 20 November 1945 to 1 October 1946 at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg, Germany. [68] Most of the defendants had surrendered to the United States or United Kingdom. For the Tokyo Trial, see. from. But they were real. [222] By the late 1950s, the West German consensus on release began to erode, due to greater openness in political culture and new revelations of Nazi criminality, including the first trials of Nazi perpetrators in West German courts. [34][35] Located in the American occupation zone, Nuremberg was a symbolic location as the site of Nazi rallies. [124] Paulus incriminated his former associates, pointing to Keitel, Jodl, and Gring as the defendants most responsible for the war. [159] During the closing statements, most defendants disappointed the judges by their lies and denial. Two of the 24 defendants died during the trials, including Hermann Goring, commander of Nazi Germanys air force, who committed suicide. The International Military Tribunal, more commonly known at the Nuremberg trials, began this week 75 years ago in Nuremberg, Germany.The trials were a series of military tribunals held to convict major Nazi German leaders on charges of crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit each of these crimes. Benjamin Ferencz: Well, if it's naive to want peace instead of war, let 'em make sure they say I'm naive. His equivocations, standing in sharp contrast to his genocidal editorial line reflected in slogans like Germany will live as long as it sees the Jews as the mortal enemy of mankind, are now available online for the first time along with hundreds of additional hours of audio and video recordings from the trials of 24 Nazis that ended 1946, nearly 75 years ago. The Jews were shot? This week, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Channette Alexander), (Image credit: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Courtesy Randy Cole), Stanford Center for Human Rights and International Justice, is an expanded repository of digital records, A better, faster tool for saving water on farms. COVID-19 vaccination does not violate the Nuremberg Code . Stanford News is a publication of Stanford University Communications. There are also transcripts of eyewitness accounts, including that of Hermann Grbe, a construction manager who described the horrors of a mass execution he saw in Dubno, Ukraine. A 103-year-old South Florida man who fought Nazi atrocities as a Nuremberg prosecutor is now the recipient of the Governor's Medal of Freedom. [177] In the latter case, the Wehrmacht leadership was not considered an organization within the meaning of the charter;[177][178] but this verdict was later misrepresented as an acquittal of the criminality of the Wehrmacht, forming one of the foundations of the clean Wehrmacht myth. But Ferencz knew they were guilty and could prove it. Holocaust Memorial Museum placed online more than 700 hours of audio recordings from the trials, as well as 37 reels of film introduced as evidence. [98] Jackson maintained that while the United States did "not seek to convict the whole German people of crime", neither did the trial "serve to absolve the whole German people except 21 men in the dock". Grbe painfully recounts how he saw a grave of over a thousand bodies, some of whom were still moving.. And he said, "Can you do this in addition to your other work?" He didn't deny the killings -- he had the gall to claim they were done in self-defense. The United States and the United Kingdom refused to endorse this proposal, citing the failure of war crimes prosecutions after World War I. [65], Some of the most prominent NazisAdolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbelshad committed suicide and therefore could not be tried. Judges deliberate at the trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany, Jan. 1, 1945. . [46] The British chief prosecutor was Hartley Shawcross, assisted by David Maxwell Fyfe, who had been the attorney general in Churchill's government. The defendants' lawyers jointly appealed to the court, claiming it did not have jurisdiction against the accused; but this motion was rejected. (Image credit: National Archives of the Netherlands / ANP, CC0), (Image credit: U.S. [168], The judgment found that there was a premeditated conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, the goals of the conspiracy being "the disruption of the European order as it had existed since the Treaty of Versailles" and "the creation of a Greater Germany beyond the frontiers of 1914". [87] In France, some verdicts were met with outrage from the media and especially from organizations for deportees and resistance fighters, as they were perceived as too lenient. I don't. [190][191] Also on trial were industrialistsin the Flick trial, the IG Farben trial, and the Krupp trialfor using forced labor, looting property from Nazi victims, and funding SS atrocities. A photograph shows doctors and members of the media who were hanged in the aftermath of the Nuremberg trials. Our intention is to make these trial archives visible to the world, via the web, using the best technology we can find, build, adopt or adapt to make scholarship easier on very complex archives, said Michael Keller, the Ida M. Green University Librarian at Stanford. Nov. 20, 2021 / 3:00 AM On This Day: Nuremberg trials begin On Nov. 20, 1945, 24 German leaders went on trial at Nuremberg before the International War Crimes Tribunal. It is not often you get the chance to meet a man who holds a place in history like Ben Ferencz. [92], The International Military Tribunal began trial on 20 November 1945,[93] after postponement requests from the Soviet prosecution, who wanted more time to prepare its case, were rejected. [189], One set of trials focused on the actions of German professionals: the Doctors' trial focused on human experimentation and euthanasia murders, the Judges' trial on the role of the judiciary in Nazi crimes, and the Ministries trial on the culpability of bureaucrats of German government ministries, especially the Foreign Office. Below his face, his motto: "law, not war.". [40] Each state appointed a prosecution team and two judges, one being an alternate. It prevents a battery or negligence, and protects the autonomy rights of the patient. Some people say I'm crazy. Look what's happened to the same-sex marriages. [45] At Jackson's recommendation, the United States appointed judges Francis Biddle and John Parker. [228] The most controversial charge was crimes against peace. So you do it.". [214] By then, the Americans were hoping to use the offer of pardon to convicted war criminals in order to bind West Germany to the Western Bloc. [12] The United States insisted on a fair trial as a means of reforming Germany. [5] Soviet jurist Aron Trainin developed the concept of crimes against peace (waging aggressive war) which would later be central to the proceedings at Nuremberg. June 27, 2021 / 6:54 PM Ferencz is legendary in the world of international law, and he's still at it. [157] Over the course of the trial, crimes against humanity and especially against Jews (who were mentioned as victims of Nazi atrocities far more than any other group) came to upstage the aggressive war charge. . You know? Benjamin Ferencz: There was only one time I wanted to-- really. [233] In 1950, the International Law Commission drafted the Nuremberg principles to codify international criminal law, although the Cold War prevented the adoption of these principles until the 1990s. [32] The trial was held under modified common law. Exhibit 84, from Einsatzgruppen D in March of 1942: Total number executed so far: 91,678. Episode 10 - Too Much Paper . You're not getting very far. This March, Ben Ferencz turned 101 and he's still in there fighting. Part of an artillery battalion, he landed on the beach at Normandy and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. Toward the end of the war, because of his legal training, he was transferred to a brand new unit in General Patton's Third Army, created to investigate war crimes. First published on June 27, 2021 / 6:54 PM. Now I will tell you something very profound, which I have learned after many years. [2] German aggression was accompanied by immense brutality in occupied areas and the systematic murder of millions of Jews in the Holocaust. [55], The work of drafting the indictment was divided up by the national delegations. Jackson. [240] The IMT is one of the most well-studied trials in history, and it has also been the subject of an abundance of books and scholarly publications, along with motion pictures such as Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) and The Memory of Justice (1976). [236][237], The trials were the first use of simultaneous interpretation, which stimulated technical advances in translation methods. [54] The Soviet judges and prosecutors were not permitted to make any major decisions without consulting a commission in Moscow led by Soviet politician Andrei Vyshinsky; the resulting delays hampered the Soviet effort to set the agenda. Taylor told Ferencz adding another trial was impossible. 60 Minutes correspondent Lesley Stahl and Nuremberg prosecutor Ben Ferencz, How carbon capture can help slow climate change, Texas man becomes unlikely Australian rules football star, Women in Louisiana struggle to get maternal health care, Google's AI experts on the future of artificial intelligence. Lesley Stahl: Now, you've been at this for 50 years, if not more. Other absent and dead men including Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich, Adolf Eichmann, and Bormann were also blamed. Benjamin Ferencz: They were 3,000 SS officers trained for the purpose, and directed to kill without pity or remorse, every single Jewish man, woman, and child they could lay their hands on. [114], In mid-December the Americans switched to presenting the case against the indicted organizations, while in January both the British and Americans presented evidence against individual defendants. [125], More so than other delegations, Soviet prosecutors showed the gruesome details of German mistreatment of prisoners of war and forced laborers, as well as the systematic murder of Jews in eastern Europe. And look at you. [230] The selectivity in trying Germans but not the Allies has garnered the most persistent criticism. [4], In early 1942, representatives of eight governments-in-exile in the United Kingdom issued a declaration on Punishment for War Crimes, which demanded an international court to try the Axis crimes committed in occupied countries. 2021 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. [63] Jackson also rewrote the indictment with the intent of keeping the proceedings under American control by separating out an overall conspiracy charge from the other three charges. Digitizing all the records from the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal Trial Archives is ongoing. 27 Aug 2021. Ben Ferencz entered into evidence the defendants' own reports of what they'd done. [169][170] The judges did not agree that the conspiracy extended to anyone who participated in the affairs of the Nazi government, only taking being present at the high-level meetings discussing war plans in 1937 and 1939 as evidence of belonging to the conspiracy. Preserving records from the Nuremberg Trial as well as materials from the subsequent tribunals and truth and reconciliation commissions it inspired is crucial to protecting the historic and judicial legacies of the war and acknowledging the consequences of mass atrocities, said David Cohen, director of the Stanford Center for Human Rights and International Justice and professor of classics in the School of Humanities and Sciences. [81] Senior American officials believed that convicting organizations was a good way of showing that not just the top German leaders were responsible for crimes, without condemning the entire German people. The first of the Nuremberg trials was to be the biggest murder trial in human history, with 21 Nazi leaders appearing before the court charged with the deaths of millions of innocent people during . Lesley Stahl: They're making them run to their own death? But it's a reality today. The Nuremberg Trials . Documents in the Taube Archive have been converted into digital files using optical character recognition technology that turns printed materials, including handwritten, typed or scanned paper files, into an electronic format that can be easily searched. Just put 'em in the ditch. All eight judges participated in the deliberations, but the alternates could not cast a vote. Benjamin Ferencz: --recall if I'd ever been in a courtroom actually. 06/29/2021. Einsatzgruppen D was the unit of Ferencz's lead defendant Otto Ohlendorf. The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949 to try those accused of Nazi war crimes. The Center for Human Rights and International Justice and Stanford Libraries hope to establish a single destination point that can help people understand how to seek justice when crimes against humanity have occurred and how to pursue accountability for systematic and widespread violence. [64] The division of labor, and the haste with which the indictment was prepared, resulted in duplication, imprecise language, and lack of attribution of specific charges to individual defendants. [101] He described the fact that the defeated Nazis received a trial as "one of the most significant tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason". A high court recently . If they tell me they want war instead of peace, I don't say they're naive, I say they're stupid. Stanford Libraries is working with the Registry of the International Court of Justice to build a complete digital corpus of this historic archive. "Informed consent for treatment serves a slightly different purpose. He never stops pushing his message and he's donating his life savings to a Genocide Prevention Initiative at the Holocaust Museum. [227] The main legal criticisms of the trial focused on questions of retroactivity, selectivity, and jurisdiction. And that's just the beginning. In doing so, it established a legal precedent in international humanitarian law that is still relevant today. [171] Only eight defendants were convicted on that charge; all of whom were also found guilty of crimes against peace. [20][21] The offenses that would be prosecuted were crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. [221] The IMT defendants required Soviet permission for release; Speer was not successful in obtaining early release, and Hess remained in prison until his death in 1987. Eventually, the online database will include digital versions of film, audio recordings and photographs that will also include links and annotations. The British worked on putting together the aggressive war charge; the French and Soviet delegations were assigned the task of covering crimes against humanity and war crimes committed on the Western Front and the Eastern Front, respectively. By UPI Staff. At the Nuremberg Trials, the doctors and nurses stood trial, and they hung. Streicher was executed in 1946 by hanging along with nine other Nazis, including Hans Frank, the highest-ranking Nazi officer in occupied Poland. I said, "Look. Benjamin Ferencz: He gave me a bunch of binders, four binders. [117] The French prosecutors, more than their British or American counterparts, emphasized the guilt of the German people;[118] they barely mentioned the charge of aggressive war and instead focused on forced labor, economic plunder, massacres, and Germanization. Vaillant Couturier later became a French politician. The Natural Capital Project is working with development banks and 10 pilot countries to put the environment at the forefront of policy and investment decisions. To tell somebody a man can become a woman, a woman can become a man, and a man can marry a man, they would have said, "You're crazy." You're the sunniest man I've ever met. It's never been done before. He promoted an intentionalist view of the Nazi state and its overall conspiracy to commit all of the crimes mentioned in the indictment. [181] All three acquittals (Papen, Schacht, and Fritzsche) were based on a deadlock between the judges; these acquittals surprised observers. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials . [119] Unlike the British and American prosecution strategy, which focused on using German documents to make their case, the French prosecutors took the perspective of the victims, submitting postwar police reports and calling eleven witnesses. [110] Unlike Jackson, he attempted to minimize the novelty of the aggression charges. And you're full of energy and passion. The trials, conducted at a military tribunal with judges from Allied nations including the Soviet Union, were a seminal milestone in the creation of modern international law in general and the prosecution of crimes against humanity. [154] The United States controlled the prison where the defendants and some of the witnesses were held, and tried its best to shut the Soviets out of the proceedings. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded many countries across Europe, inflicting 27 million deaths in the Soviet Union alone. Benjamin Ferencz: Of course. A new tool for designing and managing irrigation for farms advances the implementation of smart agriculture, an approach that leverages data and modern technologies to boost crop yields while conserving natural resources. These indictments and criminal procedures were carried out by the occupying Allies following the events of the Second World War. Lesley Stahl: You've really seen evil. 1/6. Ferencz came home, married his childhood sweetheart and vowed never to set foot in Germany again. Bus Tours. They're not real. 22 mins. [158][136] In contrast to the opening prosecution statements, all eight closing statements highlighted the Holocaust; and the French and British prosecutors made this the main charge, as opposed to that of aggression. [17] On May 8, Germany surrendered unconditionally. Without simultaneous translation the trial cannot happen. Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Channette Alexander). Benjamin Ferencz: Standard routine, nicht schuldig. [105] The American prosecutors were not any more effective when presenting documentary evidence on the conspiracy to commit crimes against humanity, and ended up reaching a "saturation point of horror" by their indiscriminate selection and disorganized presentation of evidence without tying it to specific defendants. [43] The United States prosecution believed that Nazism was the product of a German deviation from Western history (the Sonderweg thesis) and sought to correct this deviation with a trial that would serve both retributive and educational purposes. [146][147] Defense lawyer Alfred Seidl[de] repeatedly tried to disclose the secret protocols of the GermanSoviet pact. Screenshot from film showing the Einsatzgruppen at work. [151], In order to appease concerns about fair process, the defendants were allowed a free hand with their witnesses and a great deal of irrelevant testimony was heard. Lesley Stahl: You don't think they turn into savages even for the act? Judges deliberate at the trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany, Jan. 1, 1945. A team of over 1,000 lawyers and over 10,000 medical experts led by Dr. Reiner Fuellmich have begun legal proceedings against the CDC, WHO & the Davos Group for crimes against humanity. and Chris Smith (R-N.J.) would . [132] The inclusion of Katyn in the charges undermined the credibility of Soviet evidence in general. [229] Some defenders of the trial argued that the legal principle of nullum crimen sine lege (no crime without law) was not binding in international proceedings. [1] Most of the defendants were also charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. And these were daily reports from the Eastern Front-- which unit entered which town, how many people they killed. War makes murderers out of otherwise decent people. 10 issued by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Rome Statute establishing a permanent International Criminal Court (ICC), which had been proposed in 1953, was finally agreed to in 1998. [234][235] Further developments in international criminal law in the aftermath of the trials included the Genocide Convention (1948) and the Fourth Geneva Convention (1949). Benjamin Ferencz: We're marching forward. I got on the next plane, flew from Berlin down to Nuremberg, and I said to Taylor, "General, we've gotta put on a new trial.". [90][91] The bringing of conspiracy charges also slowed the trial, as the same evidence ended up being read out multiple times, when it was relevant to both substantive and conspiracy charges. This photograph was taken in Kyiv, Ukraine, not Nuremberg . Speer managed to distinguish himself from other defendants, giving the impression of apologizing, although without assuming personal guilt or naming any victims other than the German people. Stupid to an incredible degree to send young people out to kill other young people they don't even know, who never did anybody any harm, never harmed them. [89] Because of the loose evidentiary rules, photographs, charts, maps, and films played an important role in making incredible crimes believable. The bill was introduced by Reps. Lois Frankel (D-Fla.), Joe Wilson (R-S.C.), Ted Deutch (D-Fla.), Gus Bilirakis (R-Fla.), Jim McGovern (D-Mass.) [85] The prosecution examined 110,000 captured German documents[40] and entered 4,600 into evidence,[87] along with 30 kilometres (19mi) of film and 25,000 photographs. Benjamin Ferencz: Same thing, not guilty. [223], The International Military Tribunal, and the drafters of its charter, invented international criminal law essentially from nothing. Benjamin Ferencz: He was not ashamed of that. And they're chasing them. Ben Ferencz in court: The charges we have brought accuse the defendants of having committed crimes against humanity. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. It was the first time that international tribunals . [135] The Soviet Union also called two Holocaust survivors as witnesses, Samuel Rajzmana Treblinka survivorand poet Abraham Sutzkever, who eloquently described the murder of tens of thousands of Jews from Vilna, although their testimony did not directly incriminate any of the defendants. The progress has been remarkable. Benjamin Ferencz: He's not a savage. Benjamin Ferencz: Yes. [232] On 11 December 1946, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously passed a resolution affirming "the principles of international law recognized by the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and the judgment of the Tribunal". The IMT focused on the crime of aggressionplotting and waging aggressive war, which the verdict declared "the supreme international crime" because "it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole". [129] The Soviet prosecution also attempted to fabricate German responsibility for the Katyn massacre, which had in fact been committed by the Soviet Union. The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out between 1945 and 1949, the Trial of Major War Criminals being held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. [87][149] United States admiral Chester Nimitz testified that the United States had used the same methods of submarine warfare that the German admirals were accused of; Dnitz's counsel successfully argued that this meant that such actions could not be crimes. Benjamin Ferencz: Of course, is my answer. [69][37], The defendants, who were largely unrepentant,[70] included former cabinet ministers: Franz von Papen (who had brought Hitler to power); Joachim von Ribbentrop (foreign minister), Wilhelm Frick (interior minister), and Alfred Rosenberg, minister for the occupied eastern territories. Lesley Stahl: What was going on inside of you?
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